Funding for this research was provided by:
Universiti Malaya
Article History
Received: 7 April 2025
Accepted: 22 October 2025
First Online: 13 February 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors confirm that this study represents original work and does not substantially overlap with their previous publications. Any similarities with prior work by the authors are limited to shared methodologies (e.g., systematic review approaches) or contextual background, and the focus on visual design and empathy in VR constitutes a novel contribution to the field.
: The authors declare that they have no known competing for financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.