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Authors
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Education and Training of Vietnam (CT2025.EA.BKA.11)
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Article History
Received: 15 November 2025
Accepted: 14 April 2026
First Online: 23 April 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
: This study uses our collected cellular and GNSS datasets that do not involve human subjects or identifiable personal information. Therefore, ethical approval and informed consent were not required.
