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Authors
Shimizu, Kotaro https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4787-7304
Shimozuru, Michito
Tsuruga, Hifumi
Shirane, Yuri
Yamanaka, Masami
Ito, Genta
Shinjo, Kohei
Murakami, Takuya
Ijuin, Ayaho
Kovba, Anastasiia
Nakao, Ryo
Tsubota, Toshio https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8314-1233
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
World-leading Innovative and Smart Education (1801)
JST SPRING (PH8D230001)
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JP23K23770)
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JP21H02350)
Asahi Glass Foundation (2021–94)
Mitsui & Co. Environment Fund (R18-0029)
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Article History
Received: 1 September 2025
Accepted: 16 December 2025
First Online: 25 December 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All procedures involving the capture and sampling of live animals were conducted according to the Guidelines for Animal Care and Use, Hokkaido University, with the approval of the Animal Care and Use Committee of the Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University (Permit Number: 22–0016). The study samples of killed bears collected by Hokkaido Research Organization were obtained in accordance with the Hokkaido administrative plan and do not require any specific ethical approval.
