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Article History

Received: 17 April 2026

Accepted: 6 July 2026

First Online: 25 July 2026

Declarations

Competing interests: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

Ethical approval: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital (Ethical Approval No. K22-267Z). All animal experiments were approved by the Ethics Committee of Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital (Approval No. K23-199) and were conducted in accordance with institutional guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals.

Consent to participate: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants or their legal guardians prior to enrollment in this study. The authors certify that all donor organs were obtained through the COTRS and that no organs were obtained from prisoners.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.