Shahroom, Ahmad
Shapawi, Rossita
Mustafa, Saleem
Halid, Nur Fatihah Abd
Tuzan, Audrey Daning
Aznan, Alia Syafiqah
Estim, Abentin
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia, under the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS/1/2019/STG03/UMS/01/1)
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Article History
Received: 8 October 2025
Accepted: 11 November 2025
First Online: 7 January 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest in any way.