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Authors
Tseng, Po-Kun
Tsai, Min-Luen
Xu, Li-Xi
Chen, Meei-Mei
Lai, Yin-Hao
Han, Yu-San
Su, Feng-Jie
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Yu-San Han
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Article History
Received: 13 July 2025
Accepted: 27 November 2025
First Online: 20 December 2025
Declarations
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: All experimental procedures involving aquatic animals in this study were conducted in accordance with the Guidelines for the Care and Use of Aquatic Animals. The sea cucumber ( Holothuria scabra ), clam ( Meretrix taiwanica ), and milkfish ( Chanos chanos ) used in this study are aquatic invertebrate species that are not subject to Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) review or vertebrate animal ethics regulation in Taiwan. Therefore, no IACUC approval was required for this study.Nevertheless, all handling and experimental operations were performed following established animal welfare principles to minimizestress and ensure humane treatment throughout the study.
: The authors affirm that the content of this manuscript was written by the authors without the use of generative AI tools such as ChatGPT or similar language models, except for language polishing and minor grammar improvements. The authors take full responsibility for the integrity and accuracy of the scientific content.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
