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Article History

Received: 24 April 2021

Revised: 24 April 2021

Accepted: 29 June 2021

First Online: 7 October 2021

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders took no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

: Ethics approval was provided by the Human Research Ethics Committee at the University of Melbourne (HREC 1646197).

: Participants consented to the following statement in Japanese: ‘I am aged 16 years or older, identify as homosexual, gay, or bisexual, or have had sexual experiences with other men, and willingly and knowingly consent to participate in the survey’ (Options were ‘yes’ and ‘no’). Participation was voluntary, and there were no consequences for electing not to participate. The questionnaire was translated from English into Japanese by a native translator and back-translated into English by an independent translator. Informed consent was obtained from all survey respondents, and MSM helplines and website information for services were provided to all people who clicked on the survey link.

: Full consent for publication is acknowledged by all authors regarding these data.