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Article History

Received: 21 November 2023

Revised: 24 April 2025

Accepted: 22 May 2025

First Online: 1 August 2025

Declarations

:

: The author declares that there is no conflict of interest.

: Considering the specific mandates of German ethical committees, the study was conducted in a manner that did not necessitate formal ethical clearance. Such clearance is not required for non-interventional studies that are based on retrieving information that lies in the public domain, that may not identify any single person, and that does not allow de-anonymization, as it is the case in this study. Individual profiles were not accessed. The operators of Joyclub have confirmed in writing that the use of the data, as conducted in this study, complies with their terms and conditions. Further details are set out in the Legal and Ethical Assessment section in part G of the Supplementary Material.

: There was no need for informed consent as this study utilized publicly available data. Further details are set out in the Legal and Ethical Statement Assessment section in part G of the Supplementary Material. Swingers in Germany: Sociodemography and Event Preferences Assessed From Harvested Web Data.