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Article History

Received: 7 October 2024

Revised: 23 April 2025

Accepted: 21 May 2025

First Online: 4 August 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors report no conflicts of interest with respect to the content of this manuscript. Dr. Fernández-Aranda and Dr. Jiménez-Murcia received consultancy honoraria from Novo Nordisk. Dr. Potenza discloses that he has consulted for and advised Baria-Tek and Boehringer Ingelheim; been involved in a patent application with Yale University and Novartis; received research support from the Mohegan Sun Casino and the Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling; consulted for or advised legal, non-profit, healthcare and gambling entities on issues related to impulse control, internet use and addictive behaviors; performed grant reviews; edited journals/journal sections; given academic lectures in grand rounds, CME events, and other clinical/scientific venues; and generated books or chapters for publishers of mental health texts. The University of Gibraltar receives funding from the Gibraltar Gambling Care Foundation, an independent, not-for-profit charity. ELTE Eötvös Loránd University receives funding from Szerencsejáték Ltd. (the gambling operator of the Hungarian government) to maintain a telephone helpline service for problematic gambling. However, these funding sources aren’t related to this study, and the funding institution had no role in the study design or the collection, analysis, and interpretation of the data, writing the manuscript, or the decision to submit the paper for publication. The rest of the authors have no disclosures.

: The Bellvitge University Hospital Clinical Research Ethics Committee approved the study.

: All subjects were informed about the study and all provided THE written informed consent.