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Authors
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (YJ2021164)
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Article History
Received: 8 April 2025
Revised: 14 July 2025
Accepted: 17 July 2025
First Online: 17 November 2025
Declarations
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: The authors report there are no competing interests to declare.
: Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the ALSPAC Ethics and Law Committee and the Local Research Ethics Committees. Additional ethical approval was not required since only secondary data analyses were involved.
: Informed consent for the use of data collected via questionnaires and clinics was obtained from participants following the recommendations of the ALSPAC Ethics and Law Committee at the time.
