Rabbi, Ahbab Mohammad Fazle https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8627-187X
Mamun, Abdullah Al https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0126-4756
Hossain, Md. Anwer https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8728-5250
Alam, Md. Zakiul https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0958-0147
Hossain, Mohammad Bellal https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4615-5086
Article History
Received: 13 July 2024
Revised: 3 September 2025
Accepted: 4 September 2025
First Online: 26 December 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors have no competing interests to disclose.
: This study extracted de-identified data from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey, which was conducted using the Measure DHS. Therefore, ethical approval was not required. However, the Measure DHS obtained ethical approval before conducting the survey.