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Authors
Williams, Renessa S. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4814-1534
Johnson, Ariana https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5257-7114
Metheny, Nicholas https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2295-2945
Carrico, Adam W. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8146-5701
Flentje, Annesa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1964-4151
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (K23-MD018337)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01-DA052016)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (K24DA057874)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (K23DA039800)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA033854)
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Article History
Received: 19 December 2024
Revised: 20 August 2025
Accepted: 15 September 2025
First Online: 9 March 2026
Declarations
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: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
: Approval was obtained from the ethics committee of University of California, San Francisco with reliance agreements from the University of Miami and Northwestern University. The procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.
