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Authors
Cen, Luo
Yunlong, Zhao
Ali, Sajid
Bhatti, Shaukat Hussain
Hussain, Malik Mureed
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Article History
Received: 29 August 2024
Revised: 22 July 2025
Accepted: 17 September 2025
First Online: 5 February 2026
Declarations
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: The corresponding author, representing all authors, affirms that no conflict of interest is related to this article.
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: No harm came to animals or humans due to the investigation.
: Not applicable. This study did not involve human participants, interviews, or personally identifiable data. The analysis relied solely on publicly available secondary datasets obtained from established databases and institutional reports, including the World Pandemic Uncertainty Index and the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans, and Intersex Association. Therefore, informed consent was not required.
Free to read: This content has been made available to all.
