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Authors
Bertrams, Alex https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1331-5178
Krispenz, Ann https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4060-5560
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Bern
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Article History
Received: 25 July 2024
Revised: 13 September 2025
Accepted: 17 November 2025
First Online: 18 February 2026
Declarations
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: This research was approved by the local ethics commission of the University of Bern (no. 2022-05-00006). All participants provided informed consent prior to participating.
: The authors declare that they have no financial conflict of interest. Ann Krispenz declares that she is a member of the LGB community (note that this is not intended to be a political statement); individuals high in right-wing authoritarianism might construe from this fact a conflict of interest. Alex Bertrams declares that he was a member of the party FDP. The Liberals (FDP.Die Liberalen), the Network for Academic Freedom (Netzwerk Wissenschaftsfreiheit), and the Society for Open Inquiry in Behavioral Science during the completion of this study; he considers these memberships as incompatible with left- and right-wing authoritarianism which might be a conflict of interest from an authoritarian perspective.
