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Article History

Received: 19 May 2025

Revised: 1 February 2026

Accepted: 4 February 2026

First Online: 22 June 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

: Conceptualization and writing of the original draft were conducted by the authors without the use of generative AI. Selected sections of the manuscript were processed using DeepL Pro for language editing and readability improvement and ChatGPT-4, using the prompt: “Please check for clarity and readability for a scientific contribution.” In a later stage of the revision process, ChatGPT-5.2 and Gemini 3 were used exclusively to support human proofreading by assisting with consistency checks across manuscript sections. All suggested revisions were checked by both authors. Grammarly Pro was used consecutively throughout the writing process for grammar and language improvement. At no stage was any content produced by AI for the paper or the study.

: The study was preregistered on the Open Science Framework (OSF; ) and was approved by the data privacy officer of Merseburg University of Applied Sciences (first author’s institution) on August 7, 2024, and by the second author’s institutional ethics review board (approval ID: 2025–32-EUF).Participants were emailed an information sheet and a consent form for the research, and verbal informed consent was given to participate before each session began. To access ChatGPT, participants were provided with login credentials for a research account and advised not to share any potentially identifying information with the chatbot. The data protection officer at Merseburg University of Applied Sciences was involved in the data collection process as a reviewing authority to ensure compliance with data protection regulations.