Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant (No. 52478570)
Distinguished Young Scholars Program of the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang province, China under Grant (No. JQ2024E002)
Scientific Research Fund of Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration under Grant (No. 2025A01)
Article History
Received: 4 March 2025
Accepted: 5 November 2025
First Online: 19 November 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.