Funding for this research was provided by:
Scientific Research Fund of Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration (2024C22)
Scientific Research Fund of Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration (2023C04)
Key Science and Technology Project of Ministry of Emergency Management of the People's Republic of China (2024EMST040406)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (52378542)
The Excellent Technical Leaders Project of Shanghai (23XD1430100)
Article History
Received: 2 December 2025
Accepted: 28 March 2026
First Online: 2 April 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.