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Article History

Received: 9 March 2025

Accepted: 25 June 2025

First Online: 25 July 2025

Declarations

:

: Sydney Kramer, Mei-Hsin Su, Mallory Stephenson, Jill Rabinowitz, Brion Maher, Roxann Roberson-Nay, Luis F. S. Castro-de-Araujo, Yi Zhou, Michael C. Neale, Nathan A Gillespie declare that they have no competing interests.

: This study was approved by the local Institutional Review Board. Data used in the preparation of this article were obtained from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (), held in the NIMH Data Archive (NDA). This is a multisite, longitudinal study designed to recruit more than 10,000 children age 9–10 and follow them over 10 years into early adulthood. The ABCD Study is supported by the National Institutes of Health and additional federal partners under award numbers U01DA041022, U01DA041028, U01DA041048, U01DA041089, U01DA041106, U01DA041117, U01DA041120, U01DA041134, U01DA041148, U01DA041156, U01DA041174, U24DA041123, U24DA041147, U01DA041093, and U01DA041025. A full list of supporters is available at . A listing of participating sites and a complete listing of the study investigators can be found at . ABCD consortium investigators designed and implemented the study and/or provided data but did not necessarily participate in analysis or writing of this report. This manuscript reflects the views of the authors and may not reflect the opinions or views of the NIH or ABCD consortium investigators. The ABCD data repository grows and changes over time. The ABCD data used in this report came from .

: Not applicable, secondary data analysis.

: All participants in ABCD provided informed consent (or assent).

: N/A