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Authors
Bicona, Diana https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6888-4645
Mountford, Hayley S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7663-6326
Bridges, Elinor C. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2468-2934
Fontanillas, Pierre https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8944-4454
Martin, Nicholas G. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4069-8020
Fisher, Simon E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3132-1996
Bates, Timothy C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1153-9007
Luciano, Michelle https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7306-3008
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Agee, Michelle
Aslibekyan, Stella
Auton, Adam
Babalola, Elizabeth
Bell, Robert K.
Bielenberg, Jessica
Bryc, Katarzyna
Bullis, Emily
Cameron, Briana
Coker, Daniella
Partida, Gabriel Cuellar
Dhamija, Devika
Das, Sayantan
Elson, Sarah L.
Filshtein, Teresa
Fletez-Brant, Kipper
Freyman, Will
Gandhi, Pooja M.
Heilbron, Karl
Hicks, Barry
Hinds, David A.
Huber, Karen E.
Jewett, Ethan M.
Jiang, Yunxuan
Kleinman, Aaron
Kukar, Katelyn
Lane, Vanessa
Lin, Keng-Han
Lowe, Maya
Luff, Marie K.
McCreight, Jey C.
McIntyre, Matthew H.
McManus, Kimberly F.
Micheletti, Steven J.
Moreno, Meghan E.
Mountain, Joanna L.
Mozaffari, Sahar V.
Nandakumar, Priyanka
Noblin, Elizabeth S.
O’Connell, Jared
Petrakovitz, Aaron A.
Poznik, G. David
Schumacher, Morgan
Shastri, Anjali J.
Shelton, Janie F.
Shi, Jingchunzi
Shringarpure, Suyash
Tian, Chao
Tran, Vinh
Tung, Joyce Y.
Wang, Xin
Wang, Wei
Weldon, Catherine H.
Wilton, Peter
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/T000813/1)
ESRC
Max Planck Society, Germany
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Article History
Received: 17 March 2025
Accepted: 7 August 2025
First Online: 24 September 2025
Declarations
:
: Pierre Fontanillas and the 23andMe Research team hold stock or stock options in 23andMe, Inc. Diana Bicona, Hayley S. Mountford, Elinor C. Bridges, Nicholas G. Martin, Simon E. Fisher, Timothy C. Bates and Michelle Luciano have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
: The study made use of existing data sets with existing ethical approval and was also granted ethical approval by the University of Edinburgh School of Psychology ethics committee (no. 67-2223/1). 23andMe Research Participants provided informed consent and volunteered to participate in the research online, under a protocol approved by the external AAHRPP-accredited Salus IRB ().
: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
