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Authors
Su, Jinni
Trevino, Angel
Jamil, Belal
Lemery-Chalfant, Kathryn
Elam, Kit K.
Causadias, José M.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
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Article History
Received: 19 July 2025
Accepted: 8 December 2025
First Online: 29 December 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no conflict of interests related to this work.
: The ABCD Study received ethical approval from the institutional review board (IRB) of the University of California, San Diego, with each study site obtaining additional approval from their respective IRBs. The present study involves secondary data analysis of ABCD data release 5.0, and is approved by the Institutional Review Board at Arizona State University.
: Written informed consent was obtained from all primary caregivers, and verbal assent was provided by all participating adolescents.
: Not applicable.
