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Authors
van den Berg, Henrike F.
Bartels, Meike
Sauce, Bruno
Palviainen, Teemu
Rose, Richard J.
Kaprio, Jaakko
Vuoksimaa, Eero
Silventoinen, Karri
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Helsinki
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Article History
Received: 1 October 2025
Accepted: 23 December 2025
First Online: 7 January 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The ethics committee of the Department of Public Health of the University of Helsinki (Helsinki, Finland), the ethics committee of the Helsinki University Central Hospital District (Helsinki, Finland), and the Institutional Review Board of Indiana University (Bloomington, Indiana, USA) approved the FinnTwin12 study protocol. All procedures were in accordance with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. All participants and their parents/legal guardians gave informed written consent to participate in the study.
