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Authors
Nijman, Vincent https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5600-4276
Lee, Paige Kei https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0117-8161
Abdullah, Abdullah https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0046-0333
Aji Duranegara Payuse, I Nyoman https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1944-5703
Ching, Or Oi
Sintya, Erly https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4081-547X
Tristiana Sukmadewi, Desak Ketut https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2160-1011
Chavez, Jessica https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9802-5340
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
TRAFFIC
Wildlife Reserves Singapore
People, Plants and Primate Action Fund
Mandai Nature and Mandai Wildlife Group
Royal Geographic Society
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Article History
Received: 15 March 2026
Revised: 14 July 2026
Accepted: 15 July 2026
First Online: 23 July 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethics approval statement: No identifiable information on individuals or businesses was collected during this study. This study did not involve any experiment on animals or research involving human participants, and while we did not require institutional permission for observational research in wildlife markets, they were added to Oxford Brookes University’s Register of Activities Involving Animals, which was approved annually over the period 2016–2026. Our research was conducted in compliance with EcoVerde Global Consulting’s Code of Ethics.
