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Article History

Received: 29 April 2019

Accepted: 5 June 2019

First Online: 24 June 2019

Compliance with ethical standards

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: Laura Michel has received a research grant from the Medical Faculty of the University of Heidelberg; Laura Sommer, Rosa González Silos, Michael Golatte, Jörg Heil, André Henigs, Julia Seitz, Katharina Smetanay and Christof Sohn declare that they have no conflict of interest; Justo Lorenzo Bermejo has received personal fees from Roche and the Diabetes Institut Heidelberg as well as funding from the European Union, DFG and BMBF; Alexandra von Au has received a research grant from the Medical Faculty of the University of Heidelberg; Florian Schütz has received remuneration from AstraZenecy, Amgen, MSD, Novartis and has had consultant/advisory role for Roche, Pfizer and Lilly; Andreas Schneeweiss reports grants from Celgene, Roche, AbbVie, Molecular Partner, personal fees from Roche, AstraZeneca, Celgene, Roche, Celgene, Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Novartis, MSD, Tesaro, Lilly, Pfizer; Christof Sohn: data acquisition; Frederik Marmé has received remuneration from Roche, Amgen, Clovis, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Novartis and has had consultant/advisory role for ParmaMa, Tesaro, Celgene, Eisai, Curevac, GenomicHealth.

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.