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Article History

Received: 2 July 2025

Accepted: 15 January 2026

First Online: 30 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The Division of Radiation Oncology of IEO received research funding from AIRC (Italian Association for Cancer Research), Fondazione IEO-CCM (Istituto Europeo di Oncologia-Centro Cardiologico Monzino), IBA and Accuray Inc all outside the current project. BAJF received speaker fees from Roche, Bayer, Janssen, Carl Zeiss, Ipsen, Accuray, Astellas, Elekta, IBA, and Astra Zeneca; MCL received speaker fees from Accuray and SD received speaker fees from Accuray Asia (all outside the current project). Andriana Kouloura was supported by a research scholarship within the grant “Post-Doctoral Fellowship-year 2019.” The remaining authors declare no conflicts of interest that are relevant to the content of this article.

: All procedures performed in the present study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors. The current study is part of the research project (RTP R039-000-Tomotherapy-breast) and entitled “Adjuvant radiation treatments with intensity-modulated radiotherapy and/or hypofractionated schedules for breast cancer” (notified to the institutional Ethical Committee on 26th May 2016).