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Article History

Received: 16 October 2025

Accepted: 17 February 2026

First Online: 7 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Antonio Giordano reports advisory roles with Pfizer, Novartis, Araris, Totus Medicine, Guardant Health, and Lilly; institutional research support from Cardiff Oncology. Ayal A. Aizer reports research funding from Varian and NH TherAguix. Jonathan D. Schoenfeld reports research support paid to their institution from Merck, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Regeneron, Debiopharm, Siemens, and EMD Serono; consulting or participation on a scientific advisory board, and travel fees and payment for lectures from Aveta Biomics, Immunitas, IntraGel, LEK, SIRPant, Merck KGA, and EMD Serono; expert witness fees from Burns and White, Morgan and Morgan and Offutt Simmons Simonton; stock options from Immunitas and IntraGel. Jose Pablo Leone reports research funding from Kazia Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Lilly, and Roche; consulting honoraria from Minerva Biotechnologies. Erica L. Mayer reports consulting for Lilly, AstraZeneca, Genentech/Roche, Novartis, and Atkis. Nancy U. Lin reports institutional research support from Genentech, Pfizer, Merck, Seattle Genetics, Zion Pharmaceuticals, Olema Pharmaceuticals, and AstraZeneca; consulting honoraria from Seattle Genetics, Daiichi Sankyo, AstraZeneca, Olema Pharmaceuticals, Stemline/Menarini, Artera Inc., Eisai, Shorla Oncology, Pfizer, and Denali Therapeutics; royalties from Up to date (book); travel support from Olema, AstraZeneca, and Daiichi Sankyo. Sara M. Tolaney reports consulting or advisory roles for Novartis, Pfizer/Seagen, Merck, Eli Lilly, AstraZeneca, Genentech/Roche, Eisai, Bristol Myers Squibb/Systimmune, Daiichi Sankyo, Gilead, Blueprint Medicines, Reveal Genomics, Sumitovant Biopharma, Artios Pharma, Menarini/Stemline, Aadi Bio, Bayer, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Natera, Tango Therapeutics, eFFECTOR, Hengrui USA, Cullinan Oncology, Circle Pharma, Arvinas, BioNTech, Launch Therapeutics, Zuellig Pharma, Johnson&Johnson/Ambrx, Bicycle Therapeutics, BeiGene Therapeutics, Mersana, Summitt Therapeutics, Avenzo Therapeutics, Aktis Oncology, Celcuity, Boehringer Ingelheim, Samsung Bioepis, Olema Pharmaceuticals, Tempus, Boundless Bio, and Denali Therapeutics; research funding from Genentech/Roche, Merck, Exelixis, Pfizer, Lilly, Novartis, Bristol Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca, NanoString Technologies, Gilead, Seagen, OncoPep, Daiichi Sankyo, Menarini/Stemline, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, and Olema Pharmaceuticals; and travel support from Lilly, Gilead, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer, Arvinas, and Roche. All other authors report no conflicts of interest.

: The study was conducted in accordance with the International Conference on Harmonization Good Clinical Practice Standards and the Declaration of Helsinki. Institutional review board (IRB) approval was obtained at Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center (DF/HCC). The DF/HCC Data and Safety Monitoring Committee (DSMC), which is composed of clinical specialists with experience in oncology and who had no direct relationship with the study, reviewed and monitored toxicity and accrual data from the study. Men and women of all races and ethnic groups were eligible for the trial. All participants provided written informed consent prior to the performance of any protocol specific procedures or assessments.

: All participants provided written informed consent prior to the performance of any protocol specific procedures or assessments.