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Article History

Received: 13 July 2023

Accepted: 21 June 2024

First Online: 2 July 2024

Declarations

:

: All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

: This research was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of both Aalto University and Finland’s National Advisory Board on Research Ethics (TENK) in place when the study began in 2018. Formal ethics review was not required by Aalto University or TENK because it did not meet the criteria outlined in TENK’s ethical review guidelines and principles for research in the humanities, social sciences, and behavioral sciences in place from 2009 to 2019. In line with TENK’s suggestion for research conducted by doctoral students, a supervising professor (in our case two supervising professors) confirmed the study did not require formal ethics review under institutional and national ethical research protocols at the time the study began.

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: Informed consent was obtained from individual participants included in this study.