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Article History

Received: 25 September 2025

Accepted: 29 December 2025

First Online: 21 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study did not require ethical approval as it was conducted using de-identified, archived human breast tissue samples obtained from an established biorepository, with no direct patient contact or identifiable information. All genetic data analyzed were derived from previously collected samples. The research complies with institutional and national guidelines for the use of human biological materials in biomedical research. The UIC Office for the Protection of Research Subjects determined that use of the TMA does not meet the definition of human subject research as defined by 45 CFR 46.102(e)/ 21 CFR 50.3(g) and 21 CFR 56.102(e).