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Authors
Arizpe, Angel https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4075-2675
Saeedi, Nikta https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4327-1828
Ochoa-Dominguez, Carol Y. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6946-3287
Hastert, Theresa A. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6251-6422
Carvajal, Alberto Jr. https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8500-1959
Kim, Sue E. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9320-1108
Farias, Albert J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6463-7831
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Article History
Received: 10 January 2026
Accepted: 18 March 2026
First Online: 3 April 2026
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All participants in the All of Us Research Program provided written informed consent prior to enrollment, and the program was approved by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Institutional Review Board. Data for this study were de-identified and made available to approved researchers through the All of Us Researcher Workbench. This secondary analysis was reviewed by the University of Southern California Institutional Review Board (IRB) and determined to be exempt, classified as “non-human subjects” research; therefore, no additional ethical approval or participant consent was required.
