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Authors
Walsh, Rachel https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5693-1301
Lofters, Aisha https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7322-0894
Groome, Patti https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4823-313X
Moineddin, Rahim https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5506-084X
Krzyzanowska, Monika K. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5533-7418
Griffiths, Rebecca
Grunfeld, Eva
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Canadian Institutes of Health Research
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Article History
Received: 2 February 2026
Accepted: 20 April 2026
First Online: 26 May 2026
Declarations
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: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
: We received approval from the Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre research ethics board.
: Informed consent was not required due to ICES’s prescribed entity designation. As a prescribed entity under Ontario’s privacy legislation, ICES is authorized to collect and use health care data for the purposes of health system analysis, evaluation, and decision support. Secure access to these data is governed by policies and procedures that are approved by the Information and Privacy Commissioner of Ontario.
