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Article History

Received: 5 May 2025

Accepted: 21 July 2025

First Online: 18 August 2025

Declarations

:

: Dr. Kakizaki reported receiving consulting fee from Infraredx USA, speaker fee from Abbott Medical Japan, Boston Scientific Japan, Philips Japan, Orbusneich Medical, manuscript writing fee from Orbusneich Medical and Philips Japan, Support for attending meetings and travel from OM Pharma outside the submitted work. Dr. Ueki reported receiving grants from Astellas Pharma, personal fees from Abbott Vascular, Amgen, Bayer, Daiichi Sankyo, Kowa, NIPRO, and Novartis, outside the submitted work. Dr. Koskinas reported receiving grants from Sanofi, Regeneron, and Infraredx during the conduct of the study and personal fees from Amgen and Daiichi Sankyo outside the submitted work. No other disclosures were reported. Dr. Losdat is employed by the DCR Bern, University of Bern, which has a staff policy of not accepting honoraria or consultancy fees. However, CTU Bern is involved in design, conduct, or analysis of clinical studies funded by not-for-profit and for-profit organizations. In particular, pharmaceutical and medical device companies provide direct funding to some of these studies. (for an up-to-date list of DCR Bern’s conflicts of interest, see ) Dr. Biccirè reported receiving consulting fee from Abbott, speaker fee from Abbott, Ultragenyx, and Sanofi outside the submitted work. Dr. Otsuka reported receiving speaker fees from Amgen, Nipro, and Kowa. Dr. Lønborg reported receiving grants from Boston Scientific, consulting fees from Boston Scientific, speakers fee from Abbott and Boston Scientific, and Support for attending meetings and travel from Abbott, and owns stock in Novo Nordisk. Dr. Kaiser reported receiving consulting fees from Unimedtec Switzerland and Swiss office of federal health. Dr. Iglesias reported receiving grants from Biotronik, Concept Medical, and Terumo, consulting fees from Medtronic, Biotronik, Cordis, and ReCor Medical, speakers fees from Medtronic, Penumbra, Biotronik, Concept Medical, BRISTOL MYERS SQUIBB/PFIZER, Cordis, and Recor Medical, Support for attending meetings and travel from Biotronik, and participating Data Safety Monitoring Board of the CoSTAR trial (NCT04870424). Dr. Spirk reported receiving personal fees from Sanofi-Aventis (Switzerland) at the time of study conduct and Cook Medical outside the submitted work. Dr. Daemen reported receiving institutional grant/research support from Abbott Vascular, Boston Scientific, ACIST Medical, Medtronic, Pie Medical, and ReCor medical, and consultancy and speaker fees from Abbott Vascular, Abiomed, ACIST medical, Boston Scientific, Cardialysis BV, CardiacBooster, Kaminari Medical, ReCor Medical, PulseCath, Pie Medical, Sanofi, Siemens Health Care and Medtronic. Dr Engstrøm reported advisory board fees from Abbott and Novo Nordisk and speaker fees from Boston Scientific outside the submitted work. Dr. Lang has relationships with drug companies including AOP-Health, Actelion-Janssen, MSD, United Therapeutics, Pulnovo, Medtronic, INARI, Neutrolis and Sanofi. In addition to being investigator in trials involving these companies, relationships include consultancy service, research grants, and membership of scientific advisory boards. Dr. Räber reported receiving grants from Sanofi, Regeneron, and Infraredx to Inselspital and speaker fees from Sanofi during the conduct of the study and grants from Abbott, Heartflow, Boston Scientific, and Biotronik to Inselspital and grants from Abbott, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Occlutech, Sanofi, Canon, and Medtronic for speaker and consultation fees outside the submitted work.

: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, and the study was approved by the ethical committee at each site.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study, all patients provided written informed consent.

: All participants provided informed consent, acknowledging that their health-related and personal information (and samples) would be shared only in encrypted form for research purposes, including international collaboration, and that their names would not be published in any form.