Graby, John https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8753-1343
Sellek, James
Khavandi, Ali https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6374-3782
Thompson, Dylan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6312-1518
Loughborough, Will W. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9208-5122
Hudson, Benjamin J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7005-5088
Avades, Tony
Mbagaya, Wycliffe
Luva, Ahai https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8508-2209
Capps, Nigel
Shirodaria, Cheerag https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6463-1838
Bayly, Graham
Antoniades, Charalambos https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6983-5423
Downie, Paul F. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8467-1175
Rodrigues, Jonathan C. L. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2744-3509
Article History
Received: 1 May 2025
Accepted: 20 September 2025
First Online: 9 October 2025
Declarations
:
: Conflict of interest include: JCLR reports consulting fees from NHSX, speakers fees from Sanofi, physician services from HeartFlow and is co-founder and share-holder of Heart & Lung Imaging LTD, all outside the submitted work, WWL reports speaker fees from Pfizer and AstraZeneca, and JG and PFD report speaker fees from Sanofi, outside the submitted work. CA and CS are founders, shareholders, and directors of Caristo Diagnostics, a CT image analysis company that provided the perivascular fat attenuation index analysis used in the study. CS is a full-time employee of Caristo diagnostics. FAI is subject to patent US10,695,023B2 and patent applications PCT/GB2017/053262, GB2018/1818049.7, GR20180100490, and GR20180100510, licensed through exclusive license to Caristo Diagnostics.