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Article History

Received: 12 July 2025

Accepted: 24 September 2025

First Online: 28 October 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center (FUSCC) (Approval No.: 050432–4-2108*). All human plasma samples were obtained retrospectively from the institutional biobank of FUSCC. A total of 20 samples were included, consisting of 10 plasma samples from healthy donors and 10 samples from patients with pathologically confirmed stage I–IV PDAC, all of whom had not received any prior anticancer treatment. Inclusion criteria : (1) Confirmed diagnosis by histopathology; (2) Complete clinical data available; (3) Qualified preprocessed plasma samples obtained. Exclusion criteria : (1) History of other malignant tumors; (2) Diagnosis of chronic inflammatory systemic diseases; (3) Receipt of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or targeted therapy before sample collection. Written informed consent was obtained from each patient at the time of sample donation to the biobank, authorizing the use of their samples and clinical data for future research purposes.All the animal experiments in this work were conducted following protocols approved by the Animal Use and Care Ethics Committee of the Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center (Approval number: 2019 Cancer Hospital JS-274). All methods were carried out following the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.

: The authors declare no conflict of interest.