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Article History

Received: 10 July 2026

Accepted: 21 August 2026

First Online: 2 September 2026

Declarations

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate: This study used publicly available de-identified transcriptomic datasets obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus, including GSE190452 and GSE256068. The original studies were conducted with appropriate ethics approval and informed consent as described by the data depositors. No new human participants, clinical specimens, or identifiable private information were collected for this study. The in vitro experiments used an established human microglia-like cell line and commercially sourced human cortical neurons obtained from Procell Life Science & Technology Co., Ltd. as research cell materials and used according to the supplier’s documentation. These commercially sourced cell materials were not collected by the authors or their institution and did not involve newly recruited human participants, newly collected human tissue, or identifiable private information. No animal subjects were used in this study.

Consent for Publication: Not applicable.

Research Involving Human and Animal participants: No live animals, animal-derived tissues, or animal experimental procedures were used in this study. Therefore, animal ethics committee approval and an Animal Care and Use Committee protocol number were not applicable.