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Article History

Received: 15 April 2022

Revised: 2 October 2022

Accepted: 8 October 2022

First Online: 31 October 2022

Declarations

:

: Dr. Ricketts has received research funding from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), and the TLC Foundation for Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviors. She has received honoraria and research funding from the Tourette Association of America (TAA) and serves on their Diversity Committee. She has received honoraria from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Springer Nature. Dr. Peris receives funding from the NIMH and the TLC Foundation for Body Focused Repetitive Behaviors and royalties from Oxford University Press. Dr. Grant has received research grants from Biohaven, Promentis, and Otsuka Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Grant receives yearly compensation from Springer Publishing for acting as Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Gambling Studies and has received royalties from Oxford University Press, American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., Norton Press, and McGraw Hill. Dr. Stein and Dr. Lochner are supported by the SA MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders. Dr. Stein has received research grants and/or consultancy honoraria from Discovery Vitality, Johnson & Johnson, Lundbeck, Sanofi, Servier, Takeda, and Vistagen. Dr. Dougherty receives research support and honoraria from Medtronic, Inc. He receives travel support and honoraria from the TAA and the International OCD Foundation and book royalties from Guilford Publications and Oxford University Press. Dr. Woods has received royalties from Oxford University Press and Springer Press. Dr. Keuthen has received prior research grants from The TLC Foundation for Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviors and royalties from New Harbinger, Inc. Dr. Piacentini has received research grants from NIMH, the TAA, and Pfizer. He has received travel support and honoraria from the TAA and the International OCD Foundation and book royalties from Guilford Publications and Oxford University Press. The remaining authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.