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Authors
Radtke, Bartosz M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6376-4719
Łada-Maśko, Ariadna https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3659-312X
Jurek, Paweł https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9958-3941
Olech, Michał https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3612-0568
Sajewicz-Radtke, Urszula https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4306-7574
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Polish Society of Educational Psychology
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Article History
Accepted: 23 June 2025
First Online: 9 July 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee for Research Projects at the Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Gdansk, Poland (decision no. 13/2022). The protocol of this study has been registered at , registration number: NCT06215092 [submission date 2024-01-10]. Parental consent was obtained for all participants.
: Not applicable.
