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Authors
Bradley, Robert H.
Bryce, Crystal I.
Vandell, Deborah Lowe
Owen, Margaret Tresch
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Article History
Accepted: 15 July 2025
First Online: 26 July 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
: Data were collected as part of the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (). The study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the research committee at NICHD and with approval of university institutional review boards at each of the 10 data collection sites. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
