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Article History

Received: 26 May 2025

Accepted: 27 October 2025

First Online: 13 November 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All data utilized in this study were obtained from publicly available sources: The Cancer Imaging Archive and The Cancer Genome Atlas. According to the official policies of both databases: TCIA provides de-identified medical imaging data in compliance with the HIPAA Privacy Rule, and explicitly states that "TCIA data may be used for research purposes without additional IRB approval as the data are publicly available and contain no protected health information" ( ). TCGA data are made available under the NIH Genomic Data Sharing Policy, and may be used without additional institutional review board approval as "the data are de-identified" and intended for research use ( ). We confirm that our access and usage of all data strictly adhered to the data use agreements and publication guidelines of both TCIA and TCGA.

: All authors have read and agreed to submit this manuscript for publication.