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A review of federated learning: architectures, challenges, and targeted solutions

Published Online: 2026-08-21

Published Print: 2026-08

Authors

Velaei, Mahdiyeh

Ghahramani, Hosna

Ghaffari, Ali

Derakhshanfard, Nahideh
Funding

Funding for this research was provided by:

Istinye University
License Information

Text and Data Mining valid from 2026-08-01

Version of Record valid from 2026-08-21
More Information

Article History

Received: 25 August 2025

Revised: 11 April 2026

Accepted: 5 June 2026

First Online: 21 August 2026

Declarations

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

<b>Ethical approval</b>: Not applicable.

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