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Authors
Holm, Karen M.
Rodriguez-Clark, Kathryn M.
Coyle, Brian J.
Gooley, Rebecca M.
Royer, Erica
García, Emperatriz Gamero
Lim, Haw Chuan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
George Mason University Biosciences PhD Summer fellowship
Fondo Nacional de Ciencia Tecnología e Innovación (PEI-2011001148)
Smithsonian Secretary Scholars program
The James Bond Fund of the Smithsonian Institution
Friends of the National Zoo
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Article History
Received: 7 May 2025
Accepted: 8 December 2025
First Online: 4 February 2026
Declarations
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: Collection of all samples occurred during the course of normal husbandry activities, and followed approved protocols. Collection, exportation, and importation was authorized under permits from the animal bioethics commission (COBIANIM) of the Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research (IVIC, #DIR- 1067/1521/2014), Venezuela’s environment ministry (# 0687), Guyana’s EPA permit ID 090116 BR023. CITES (# 2694), and USDA-APHIS (#53886).
: The authors declare no competing interests.
