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Authors
McCaffrey, Stacey
Shiffman, Saul
Hannon, Michael J.
Black, Ryan A.
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Article History
Received: 28 March 2025
Accepted: 4 November 2025
First Online: 3 January 2026
Declarations
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: This work was supported by Juul Labs, Inc., which reviewed a final draft of the manuscript. Authors S.M. and R.B. are employees of Juul Labs, Inc. Through Pinney Associates, Inc., authors S.S. and M.H. provide consulting to Juul Labs, Inc. on tobacco harm reduction. In the last 36 months, Pinney Associates also consulted to Philip Morris International solely on US regulatory pathways for non-combustible, non-tobacco, nicotine products, which had no involvement in this manuscript. Pinney Associates does not consult on combustible tobacco products.
