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Article History

Accepted: 25 June 2025

First Online: 30 August 2025

Declarations

:

: The study received approval from the appropriate ethics committee or institutional review board (IRB). Ethics approval from the Royal Holloway University of London Ethics Committee for the Stoic Students studies on 16 February 2024, Application ID 293. For US students and Qualtrics samples, ethics approval was given by the St. John’s University Research Ethics Committee (the Institutional Review Board) # IRB-FY2020-64 approved November 2019, and IRB-FY2020-63 approved November 2019. For the New Zealand data, ethics approval was granted by the Victoria University of Wellington, School of Psychology Ethics committee, VUW SOPHEC 0000027072, Approved March 2019.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

: Tim LeBon received an honorarium from Modern Stoicism, a not-for-profit organization, for his involvement in the Stoic Week events, where the Stoic students' samples were originally collected, as well as for initial data analysis. This funding was separate from the current study.