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Authors
Temel, Faruk https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3359-7870
Tuğay, Osman https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8733-7471
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Article History
Received: 3 September 2024
Accepted: 27 November 2025
First Online: 16 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study is derived from Faruk Temel's doctoral thesis titled "Testing the fractal market hypothesis in international markets with the MFDFA method", submitted at Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Türkiye.
: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
