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Article History

Received: 7 April 2025

Accepted: 18 August 2025

First Online: 3 September 2025

Declarations

:

: Dr. Stine receives or has received research support from Astra Zeneca, Galectin, Kowa, Novo Nordisk, Regeneron, and Zydus Therapeutics. Dr. Stine consults for Novo Nordisk and is on an advisory board for Madrigal. Following submission of this manuscript, Dr. Stine commenced employment with Astra Zeneca. Dr. Loomba serves as a consultant or advisory board member for Arrowhead Pharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Bird Rock Bio, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Cirius, CohBar, Conatus, Eli Lilly, Galmed, Gemphire, Gilead, Glympse Bio, GNI, GRI Bio, Intercept, Ionis, Janssen Inc., Merck, Metacrine, Inc., NGM Biopharmaceuticals, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, Prometheus, Sanofi, Siemens, and Viking Therapeutics. In addition, his institution has received grant support from Allergan, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Cirius, Eli Lilly and Company, Galectin Therapeutics, Galmed Pharmaceuticals, GE, Genfit, Gilead, Intercept, Grail, Janssen, Madrigal Pharmaceuticals, Merck, NGM Biopharmaceuticals, NuSirt, Pfizer, pH Pharma, Prometheus, and Siemens. He is also co-founder of Liponexus, Inc.

: All patients provided informed consent prior to being included in the study, and the study was approved by the Penn State Health Institutional Review Board (Study 8507). All research was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, Good Clinical Practice guidelines, and Penn State Health local regulatory requirements.

: No material from another source was reproduced.