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Article History

Received: 5 March 2019

Accepted: 9 April 2019

First Online: 30 April 2019

Compliance with ethical standards

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: N. Yamamoto reports research grants from Daiichi-Sankyo, Pfizer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Kyowa-Hakko Kirin, Bayer, ONO PHARMACEUTICAL CO., LTD, and Takeda; honoraria from ONO PHARMACEUTICAL CO., LTD, Chugai, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Lilly, and Bristol-Myers Squibb; and consulting fees from Eisai, Otsuka, Takeda, and Boehringer Ingelheim. M. Kudo reports grants from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Bayer, Eisai, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Chugal, Otsuka, Takeda, Taiho, Sumitomo Dainippon, Daiichi Sankyo, Abbvie, Medico’s Hirata, and Astellas Pharma; personal fees from ONO PHARMACEUTICAL CO., LTD, Bayer, Eisai, Merck Sharp & Dohme, and Ajinomoto; and advisory consulting fees from Bayer, Eisai, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Chugal, Taiho, Kowa, and Bristol-Myers Squibb. J. Furuse reports grants from Astellas Pharma, Taiho Pharmaceutical, ONO PHARMACEUTICAL CO., LTD, Onco Therapy Science, Merck Serono, Zeria Pharmaceutical, Eli Lilly Japan, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Bayer Pharmaceutical, Yakult, Sumitomo Dainippom Pharma, Daiichi Sankyo, SHIONOGI, Novartis Pharma, J-Pharma, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Sanofi, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Mochida Pharma, Hisamitsu Pharmaceutical, Pfizer, Merck Sharp & Dohme, AstraZeneca, Eisai, NanoCarrier, and Shire; and personal fees from Astellas Pharma, Taiho Pharmaceutical, ONO PHARMACEUTICAL CO., LTD, Merck Serono, Zeria Pharmaceutical, Eli Lilly Japan, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Bayer Pharmaceutical, Yakult, Sumitomo Dainippom Pharma, Daiichi Sankyo, SHIONOGI, Novartis Pharma, J-Pharma, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Sanofi, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Mochida Pharma, Pfizer, Mitsubishi Tanabe, Merck Sharp & Dohme, AstraZeneca, Sawai, Fujifilm, EA Pharma, Otsuka, Boehringer Ingelheim, Sandoz, Eisai, and Shire. S. Morita reports personal fees from Astellas. T. Doi reports grants from Lilly, Chugai Pharma, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Daiichi Sankyo, Taiho, Novartis, Merck Serono, Astellas Pharma, Janssen, Boehringer Ingellheim, Takeda, Pfizer, Dainippon Sumitomo, Celegene, Bristol Myers Squibb, Abbvie, and Quintiles; and personal fees from Lilly, Chugai Pharma, Kyowa Hakko Kirin, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Daiichi Sankyo, Amgen, Taiho, and Dainippon Sumitomo. F. Kunieda, D. Moran, K. Komatsu, K. Takeda, and M. Fukuda are Employees of Astellas. H.A. Ball was an employee of Astellas during the time the study was conducted. B-Y. Ryoo, B. Keam, and C-C. Lin declare that they have no conflict of interest.

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.