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Article History

Received: 17 March 2025

Accepted: 15 May 2025

First Online: 4 June 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the institutional review boards of National Taiwan University Hospital (201809056MSD), China Medical University Hospital (CMUH107- REC2-142), and National Cheng Kung University Hospital (A-BR-107–061).

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

: NJC: honoraria from TTY Biopharm, Ono Pharmaceutical, and PharmaEngine, Inc. KYC: honoraria from Astellas; CHH: honoraria from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, Eisai, MSD, Ono Pharmaceutical and F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd; advisory board from AstraZeneca, BeiGene, Ono Pharmaceutical, and Roche; research funding from BeiGene, Gilead, Ipsen, Ono Pharmaceutical and F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd; YPL was employed by the company PharmaEngine, Inc. LTC: Honoria from Novartis, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Ono Pharmaceutical, TTY Biopharm, MSD, AstraZeneca, and ACT Genomics; advisory role from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Ono Pharmaceutical, MSD, TTY Biopharm, AstraZeneca, Ipsen, Taivex Therapeutics, Astellas, BioNTech, and ScinoPharm. CCL: honorarium from Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli-Lilly, Novartis, and Roche; advisory role from AbbVie, Anbogen, Blueprint Medicines, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi-Sankyo, IMPACT, Merck KGaA, Novartis, PharmaEngine, Inc. and Pfizer; travel support from BeiGene, Daiichi Sankyo, Eli Lilly, and IMPACT; The remaining authors declare that there are no relevant financial or non-financial interests.