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Article History

Received: 30 August 2025

Accepted: 17 November 2025

First Online: 22 November 2025

Declarations

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: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Yasuhiro Mihashi received honoraria from Chugai and Boehringer Ingelheim. Akihiro Tsukaguchi received honoraria from AstraZeneca, Chugai, and MSD. Satoshi Tanaka received honoraria from AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chugai, Kyorin, MSD, Taiho, and Takeda. Naoko Katsurada received honoraria from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Chugai, MSD, AstraZenec, Taih, and Eisai. Takeshi Nakatani received honoraria from AstraZeneca, Sanofi, GlaxoSmithKline, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chugai, Daiici-Sankyo, MSD, Nippon-kayaku, and Bristol Myers Squibb. Yuki Takeyasu received honoraria from AstraZeneca, Chugai, Daiici-Sankyo, Eli Lilly, MSD, Nipppon-kayaku, Novartis, Ono, Bristol Myers Squibb, Phizer, Taiho, Zeria, and Takeda. Taiichiro Otsuki received honoraria from AstraZeneca, Chugai, Daiici-Sankyo, Eisai, Kyowa-kirin, MSD, Nippon-kayaku, Ono, Taiho, and Takeda. Satoshi Tetsumoto received honoraria from AstraZeneca, Chugai, Kyowa-kirin, Nippon-kayaku, and GlaxoSmithKline. Akihiro Tamiya received honoraria from Eli Lilly, Ono, Chuga, Boehringer Ingelheim, AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Amgen, Taiho, Kyowa Kirin, MSD, Takeda, Nippon-Kayaku, Novartis, Thermo Fischer, Tsumura, Daiich-Sankyo, Pulmonx, and Merck BioFarma, and research funding from Daiichi-Sankyo, Beigene, Taiho Pharmaceutical and AstraZeneca. Takayuki Shiroyama received honoraria from Chugai, Eli Lilly, Ono, AstraZeneca, and MSD. Motoko Tachihara received honoraria from Eli Lilly, Chugai, AstraZeneca, MSD, Taiho, Boehringer Ingelheim, Ono, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Nippon-Kayaku, Takeda, Pfizer, Daiichi Sankyo, Novartis, Pfizer, Janssen, Merck Biopharma and research funding from AstraZeneca, Chugai. Kazumi Nishino received honoraria from Amgen, Astrazeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers-Squibb, Chugai, Daiici-Sankyo, Eli Lilly, Merck, MSD, Nipppon-kayaku, Novartis, Ono, Phizer, and Takeda, and research funding from Amgen, Astrazeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers-Squibb, Chugai, Daiici-Sankyo, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Merck, MSD, Nihon-kayaku, Novartis, Ono, Phizer, and Takeda. Takayasu Kurata received honoraria from AstraZeneca, Chugai, Eli Lilly, Amgen, Janssen, MSD, Nippon-Kayaku, Novartis, Ono, Bristol Myers, Pfizer, Taiho, Asahi Kasei, Merck, Eisai, and Takeda and research funding from MSD, Chugai, Daiichi-Sankyo, Delta-Fly, Amgen, Taiho, Janssen, and Regeneron. Masahide Mori received honoraria from AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chugai, Daiici-Sankyo, Eli Lilly, Kyowa-kirin, MSD, Nihon-kayaku, Novartis, Ono, Phizer, Taiho, and Takeda and research funding from Chugai, Daiichi-Sankyo, Delta-Fly, Janssen, Ono, and Samsung.