Document is current

Article History

Received: 12 April 2024

Accepted: 10 November 2024

First Online: 21 December 2024

Declarations

:

: According to the policies of Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, formal ethical review is required only for biomedical research. As our study did not involve animal or human clinical trials, formal ethics approval was not required. However, in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki, informed consent was obtained from all participants via email prior to the experiment. The anonymity and confidentiality of participants were ensured, and participation was entirely voluntary.

: Not applicable.

: Zi-Gang Ge is an associate professor at Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications. His research interests include computer-assisted language teaching methodologies, distance teaching methodologies, and online course design. Qing Li is a professor at Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications. His research interests include mobile learning, learning system development and learning technology standardization.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.