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Article History

Received: 29 August 2024

Accepted: 8 January 2025

First Online: 14 January 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of Beijing Normal University and the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The research protocol was reviewed and approved by the Ethical Review Board at Beijing Normal University.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Participants were provided with a clear explanation of the study’s purpose, procedures, potential risks, and benefits, and were informed that their participation was voluntary and that they could withdraw from the study at any time without any penalty.

: All participants gave their informed consent prior to their inclusion in the study. Consent forms were distributed and signed by participants, acknowledging their understanding of the research objectives, methods, and their rights as participants.

: Participants provided explicit consent for the publication of the study’s findings. It was communicated to the participants that their data would be anonymized and presented in a manner that would not reveal their identities. Consent to publish was obtained as part of the informed consent process.

: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.