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Authors
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
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Article History
Received: 16 February 2024
Accepted: 28 September 2025
First Online: 21 October 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
: This study received ethical approval from the Human Research Ethics Committee of Science and Technology College Gannan Normal University in accordance with institutional policy on minimal risk research involving adult participants. The approval was made on 17 December 2024, under the reference ID 202412365. All research involving human participants was conducted in accordance with the relevant institutional guidelines and the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.
: All participants provided written informed consent after being fully briefed on the study’s purpose, procedures, risks, and benefits. Their confidentiality and anonymity were strictly protected, and data were used exclusively for research purposes.
: All participants provided informed consent before participating in the study. The anonymity and confidentiality of the participants were guaranteed, and participation was completely voluntary.
