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Inquiry-based or direct instruction in ICT education among adolescents? Evidence from the reciprocal relationship between different types of digital usage and digital literacy

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-025-13821-0

Published Online: 2025-10-21

Published Print: 2025-12

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Ding, Ning

Li, Chunkai
Funding

Funding for this research was provided by:

National Natural Science Foundation of China (72374100)

Humanities and Social Science Fund of Ministry of Education of China (24YJC880032)

Social Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (24JYB006)
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2025-10-21

Version of Record valid from 2025-10-21
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Article History

Received: 20 September 2024

Accepted: 12 October 2025

First Online: 21 October 2025

Declarations

:

: All procedures in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Ethics approval is obtained from the institutions to which the authors are affiliated.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants and their parents included in the study.

: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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